FOOTNOTES

  1. Conant, James B., Slums and Suburbs, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1961, 2
  2. Kozol, Jonathan, Illiterate America, Garden City NY, Anchor Press, Doubleday, 1985, 13
  3. Florida Correctional Education School Authority, "Annual Report," Tallahassee, Florida,1990-1991. .
  4. New York Department of Correctional Services, "Education Intake Report", Albany, NY, 1994.
  5. Berlin, Gordon and Sum, Andrew, "Toward a More Perfect Union: Basic Skills, Poor Families, and Our Economic Future," New York, Ford Foundation, 1988.
  6. American Council on Education, 1991 Statistical Report, 1992.
  7. Grise, Phil, "First Year Status Report on Florida Districts use of the GED for At-Risk Students," Florida State University, 1991.
  8. American Council on Education, 1991 Statistical Report, 1992.
  9. Kadlecek, Dale, "Paper Presented at the 2nd Annual Conference on At-risk Students"
  10. National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation At Risk, Washington, 1983, 5.
  11. Kozol, Jonathan, Illiterate America, Anchor Press, Doubleday, Garden City NY, 1985
  12. "What Business Can Teach the Schools", New York Times, Jan 20, 1991, III,11:2
  13. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, "National Center for Education Statistics, College Level Remedial Education in the Fall of 1989," Washington DC, 1991
  14. Ravitch, Diane, "Japan's Smart Schools", The New Republic, Jan 6, 1986.
  15. DeWitt, Karen, "Verbal Scores Hit New Low in Scholastic Aptitude Tests," New York Times, August 27, 1991, A1
  16. Singal, Daniel J., "The Other Crisis in American Schools", Atlantic Monthly, November 1991, 59-74
  17. National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation At Risk, Washington,1983
  18. "What Work Requires of Schools: A SCANS Report for America 2000"
  19. DeWitt, Karen, "Labor Dept. Outlines Job Skills Students Will Need in Future," New York Times, July 3, 1991
  20. Miller, Krystal, "At GM, The Three R's Are The Big Three," Dow Jones/News Retrieval,7/3/92
  21. AMERICA 2000, Washington, DC,1991,1
  22. cited in Toch, Thomas, In the Name of Excellence , New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, 204
  23. Ravitch, Diane, "Japan's Smart Schools", The New Republic, Jan 6, 1986
  24. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988), 151
  25. Issues in Education, "Hard Work and High Expectations: Motivating Students To Learn" Tommy Tomlinson Programs For the Improvement of Practice 1992.
  26. Dusek, J.R., "Do Teachers Bias Children's learning?", Review of Educational Research, 45, 661-84
  27. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988)187
  28. Kulik, James A. and Kulik, Chen-lin C.,"Effectiveness of Computer-based Instruction," School Library Media Quarterly, Spring 1989, 156-159
  29. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988)U.S. Congress, 100
  30. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988)U.S. Congress, 115
  31. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988), 88
  32. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988)
  33. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988) 122, cf .142-3
  34. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September,1988), 145
  35. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988), 143
  36. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988) 132
  37. Terman, Lewis, "Intelligence Tests and School Reorganization "(New York:World, 1923), 27 as cited in Oakes, Jeannie, Keeping Track How Schools Structure Inequality,Yale University Press, 1985, 36
  38. Toch, Thomas, In the Name of Excellence , New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, 123
  39. cf. e.g. Oakes, Jeannie, Keeping Track How Schools Structure Inequality,Yale University Press, 1985; New York Times, Education Life, 4A,14-19,Nov 1, 1992.,Toch, Thomas, In the Name of Excellence, Oxford University Press, 1991,p 123
  40. Manserus, Laura, "Should Tracking Be Derailed?"New York Times, IVA,14- 16,November 1, 1992.
  41. Wall Street Journal, November 16, 1992, B1
  42. Dempster, Frank N.,"The Spacing Effect A Case Study in the Failure to Apply the Results of Psychological Research,"American Psychologist, 43(8),627-634, Aug 1988.
  43. Fletcher, J.D., "Effectiveness and Cost of Interactive Videodisc Instruction in Defense Training and Education" Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, 1990.
  44. New York Times,"Study Finds Bias Against Girls is Rife in Schools,"Feb 12, 1992, A,1,1
  45. Toch, Thomas, In the Name of Excellence, New York, Oxford University Press, 1991,p 114
  46. New York State Office of Education Performance Review, "Teacher Absenteeism in New York City and Cost Effectiveness of Substitute Teachers",(Albany, N.Y.:State Department of Education, January, 1974).-cited in Phi Delta Kappan, 59,4;269-271
  47. e.g. Drury, William R.,"Eight Ways to Make Sure Substitute Teachers aren't Baby-Sitters," American School Board Journal,v 175,n3 51,March, 1988:Tracy, Sandra J.. Improve Substitute Teaching With Staff Development, NASSP Bulletin, v72,n508,p 85-88, May 1988.
  48. Plato, The Republic, bk.IV,425-B
  49. Conant, James B., The American High School Today: A First Report to Interested Citizens, 1959, 40.
  50. cf Fox, William, "Relationship Between Size of Schools and School Districts and the Cost of Education" U.S.Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1621, 1980 for a review of some of the research.
  51. for a review see Huling, Leslie,"How School Size Affects Student Participation, Alienation," NASSP Bulletin, 64,438, October 1980,13-18
  52. Hess, Fritz;Martin, Wilfred;Parker, Donald,and Beck, Jerry, "School Size and Its Effect on Achievement and Other Educational Issues," Chapter I of Issues in Education:A documented Look at Seven Current Topics, compiled by Fritz Hess et al.,pp 1-21, 1978.
  53. Montgomery County Public Schools, Report of the Small Schools Task Force, Rockville, MD:1973 Eric Clearinghouse on Educational Management, Number 21, February 1982.
  54. Ornstein, Allan C., "School Size and Effectiveness:Policy Implications", Urban Review, v 22, n 3,Sep 1990,p 239-245
  55. "School Size: A Reassessment of the Small School," Eric Clearinghouse on Educational Management, Number 21, February 1982.
  56. e.g., cf Stewart, Jim, et al.,"Science as Model Building", Educational Psychologist, 27(3),pg.334
  57. Issues in Education "Hard Work and High Expectations: Motivating Students to Learn" Tommy Tomlinson Programs for the improvement of Practice
  58. Atwood, Virginia A. and Wilen, William W., "Wait Time and Effective Social Studies Instruction," Social Education, March 1991, 179-181
  59. Killoran, James, "In Defense of the Multiple-Choice Question," Social Education, 56(2), 106-108, February 1992,
  60. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379,(Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1988) 49
  61. Texas Select Committee on Public Education, "Recommendations", 42
  62. cf. Malone, Dumas, Jefferson and His Time, Volume six, The Sage of Monticello, Little, Brown and Company, 1981, pg.xv; Jefferson, Thomas, Writings, The Library of America, 1984, pg. 859 (Letter to George Wythe, August 13, 1786); pg. 1222 (Letter to Messrs. Hugh L. White and Others, May 6, 1810); pg. 1226 (Letter to John Tyler, May 26, 1810); pg. 1248 (Letter to Alexander von Humboldt, April 14, 1811); pg.1387-8 (Letter to P.S. Dupont de Nemours, April 24, 1816).
  63. Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, Chapter 6
  64. cf Recommendations of the Texas Select Committee on Public Education, April 19, 1984

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